Segregation in America documents how millions of white Americans joined a mass movement of committed, unwavering, and often violent opposition to the Civil Rights Movement. EJI believes that understanding this mass opposition to racial equality, integration, and civil rights is central to confronting the continuing challenges of racial inequality today. You can read the report, explore a map of Confederate iconography in the U.
Our interactive map shows the location and details about thousands of Confederate monuments in America that glorify the era of enslavement and its legacy. Learn the names, actions, faces, and words of segregationists who led a nationwide campaign to reject racial equality and maintain white supremacy.
Browse our curated collection of video footage from the segregation era that documents the millions of white Americans who arrested, beat, bombed, and terrorized civil rights demonstrators. Segregation in America documents a critical piece of American history that has been too often overlooked. The U. False narratives of racial difference marginalize and exclude many communities of color and Black and brown people are burdened with a presumption of guilt and dangerousness that is evident in many ways.
White Americans concentrated in the South and influential throughout the country conducted a widespread, organized, and determined campaign to defend segregation and white supremacy. Opposition to civil rights was led by elected officials, journalists, and community leaders who shared racist ideologies, shut down public schools and parks to prevent integration, and encouraged violence against civil rights activists.
Segregation in America profiles segregationist leaders who were not shamed or banished but repeatedly won re-election to the highest political offices. Segregation in America makes the case that our failure to repudiate segregationists and their ideologies allowed racial bias to remain unchallenged in many modern institutions.
EJI created an interactive map with details and images of more than Confederate monuments across the U. Many of the issues we face today are shadowed by an underlying narrative of racial difference and bias that compromise our progress. Richmond, Virginia, decreed that people were barred from residency on any block where they could not legally marry the majority of residents. During the Great Migration , a period between and , six million African Americans left the South.
Huge numbers moved northeast and reported discrimination and segregation similar to what they had experienced in the South. Segregated schools and neighborhoods existed, and even after World War II , Black activists reported hostile reactions when Black people attempted to move into white neighborhoods.
Only a small portion of houses was built for Black families, and those were limited to segregated Black communities. In some cities, previously integrated communities were torn down by the PWA and replaced by segregated projects. The reason given for the policy was that Black families would bring down property values.
This kind of mapping concentrated poverty as mostly Black residents in red-lined neighborhoods had no access or only very expensive access to loans. The practice did not begin to end until the s. In , the Supreme Court ruled that a Black family had the right to move into their newly-purchased home in a quiet neighborhood in St. Kramer, attorneys from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACP , led by Thurgood Marshall , argued that allowing such white-only real estate covenants were not only morally wrong, but strategically misguided in a time when the country was trying to promote a unified, anti-Soviet agenda under President Harry Truman.
Civil rights activists saw the landmark case as an example of how to start to undo trappings of segregation at the federal level. But while the Supreme Court ruled that white-only covenants were not enforceable, the real estate playing field was hardly leveled. The act subsidized housing for whites only, even stipulating that Black families could not purchase the houses even on resale. The program effectively resulted in the government funding white flight from cities.
One of the most notorious of the white-only communities created by the Housing Act was Levittown, New York, built in and followed by other Levittowns in different locations. Segregation of children in public schools was struck down by the Supreme Court as unconstitutional in with Brown v. Board of Education.
The case was originally filed in Topeka, Kansas after seven-year-old Linda Brown was rejected from the all-white schools there. A follow-up opinion handed decision-making to local courts, which allowed some districts to defy school desegregation. Eisenhower deployed federal troops to ensure nine Black students entered high school after Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus had called in the National Guard to block them. When Rosa Parks was arrested in after refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama, the civil rights movement began in earnest.
Through the efforts of organizers like Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. One of the worst incidents of anti-integration happened in The state had passed the Elimination of Racial Balance law in , but it had been held up in court by Irish Catholic opposition.
Police protected the Black students as several days of violence broke out between police and Southie residents. White crowds greeted the buses with insults, and further violence erupted between Southie residents and retaliating Roxbury crowds. State troopers were called in until the violence subsided after a few weeks. Segregation persists in the 21st Century. Studies show that while the public overwhelmingly supports integrated schools, only a third of Americans want federal government intervention to enforce it.
The phenomenon reflects residential segregation in cities and communities across the country, which is not created by overtly racial laws, but by local ordinances that target minorities disproportionately. Kendi , published by Bodley Head. Eaton by the New Press. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present.
When Congress approved the Federal-Aid Highway Act of , it authorized what was then the largest public works program in U. The law promised to construct 41, miles of an ambitious interstate highway system that would criss-cross the nation, dramatically The American Mafia, an Italian-American organized-crime network with operations in cities across the United States, particularly New York and Chicago, rose to power through its success in the illicit liquor trade during the s Prohibition era.
After Prohibition, the Mafia
0コメント