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Please reference the Terms of Use and the Supplemental Terms for specific information related to your state. Toggle navigation DrivingLaws. Search Term. Home Driving Laws Speeding Laws. Oregon's Speeding Laws, Tickets, and Penalties. Basic Speeding Law Oregon's basic speeding law prohibits driving at a speed that is "greater than is reasonable and prudent" given the current road, traffic, and weather conditions.
Absolute Speed Limits There is no trick to how Oregon's absolute speed limits work: If the fixed speed limit is 50 miles per hour and you drive faster than that, you've violated the law. Additionally, in some cases the quantizer varies quantization across color channels of the inter-layer residual video picture. The quantizer can also apply another type of quantization, for example, a uniform or adaptive quantization for at least some spectral data coefficients, or directly quantizes spatial domain data in an encoder system that does not use frequency transformations.
An inverse frequency transformer performs an inverse frequency transform, producing blocks of reconstructed prediction residuals for predicted inter-path residual video content or samples for intra-path residual video content.
If the residual video content was motion-compensation predicted, the reconstructed prediction residuals are added to the motion-compensated predictors to form the reconstructed residual video. The picture store buffers the reconstructed residual video for use in subsequent motion-compensated prediction.
The entropy coder typically uses different coding techniques for different kinds of information, and can choose from among multiple code tables within a particular coding technique. The video is provided directly to the frequency transformer , quantizer , and entropy coder and output as encoded video. A reconstructed version of the intra-coded video can be buffered for use in subsequent motion compensation of other inter-path video.
The controller evaluates intermediate results during encoding, for example, setting quantization step sizes and performing rate-distortion analysis. The controller works with other modules to set and change coding parameters during encoding. When the controller evaluates different coding parameter choices, the controller may iteratively perform certain stages to evaluate different parameter settings, or the controller may jointly evaluate different coding parameters.
The tree of coding parameter decisions to be evaluated, and the timing of corresponding encoding, depends on implementation. In some embodiments, the controller also receives input from an encoding session wizard interface, other encoder application interface, or other source to designate video to be encoded using specific rules.
Although described herein as encoding separate individual MBR video streams, an alternative implementation of the MBR video streaming system and encoding system can encode one or more of the MBR video streams as a compressed bitstream having multiple separable coding layers. The multiple bit rate video encoding system includes an MBR encoding engine not shown that drives the video encoder Figure 2 to encode the input video with varying encoding parameters according to a multiple bit rate encoding process as shown in Figure 3 that implements a variable bit rate and dynamic resolution approach described in this and the following section.
The MBR encoding engine can provides a user interface or console for receiving user input to configure parameters for the MBR video stream encoding or alternatively an application programming interface to receive such input from a caller application , such as the number of streams, and other parameters mentioned below. For the top MBR video stream generally having highest overall bit rate , the video encoder encodes the video stream with a varying bit rate constrained to fall under a specified peak bit rate while satisfying a specified average bit rate.
For the bottom MBR stream generally having the lowest bit rate of the set , the video encoder uses a constant chunk rate approach. In the context of the multiple bit rate video streaming system, the term chunk refers to a group of pictures GOP into which the video stream are segmented, and define the level of granularity at which the video streaming system may switch playing individual segments between video streams.
The constant chunk rate approach enables the video streaming system to guarantee predictability of streaming, in that when the lowest bit rate or quality video stream is streamed, the client will receive the chunk amount of pictures at the constant rate so as to maintain minimum quality continuous playing of the video. The peak and average bit rate constraints of the intermediate video streams can be specified to decrease progressively in a proportional, logarithmic or other decreasing manner.
In this way, the video streaming system is able to provide an instant start and swift video switching from a guaranteed low constant chunk rate up to a highest quality variable rate bit stream.
The peak and average bit rates, as well as the constant chunk rate are encoding parameters that can be configured by the user.
These parameters can be configured explicitly by the user, or calculated by the MBR encoding system engine based on more generalized parameters input by the user.
For example, the MBR encoding engine can have an automatic mode where the user or a caller application simply specifies the minimal and maximal target bit rates and a number of video streams or layers.
The engine in this automatic mode then calculates all the intermediate bit rate constraints peak and average in a uniform, logarithmic or other distribution space.
This process includes an analysis pass and an encoding pass. The goal of the analysis pass is to find the scene complexity of the video content based on the encoding configurations as well as the input video source material itself. Once this information is extracted in the analysis pass, the following encoding pass then generates the set of MBR video streams. In this step, the MBR encoding process determines the parameters for the encoding from user input, including number of MBR video streams, peak and average bit rate constraints for the streams, and the constant chunk rate of the lowest quality MBR video stream, and segment parameters, among others.
In the analysis pass, the MBR encoding engine analyzes the input source video frame by frame. The analysis includes a number of different tasks including scene change detection, segmenting a video sequence between scene change boundaries into group of picture segments, and video frame complexity measurements. Based on the scene change detection, the MBR encoding engine marks boundaries at which scene changes occur during the video. Between marked boundaries of a video sequence sequence mark-in and sequence mark-out positions , the MBR encoding process further determines a total number of group of pictures segments in which to divide the video sequence within user-specified constraints such as a specified average GOP length and maximum allowed GOP length within a scene and sets boundaries of each group of pictures.
The MBR encoding engine also calculates a set of three texture measurements per frame of each group of pictures, which are used in the variable resolution encoding described in the next section. The three texture measurements include a frame global texture, frame horizontal texture and frame vertical texture measurement. The MBR engine writes these analysis pass results the scene and GOP boundaries, and the texture measurements into a log file, as indicated at action For each segment of an MBR video stream, the MBR encoding engine controls the encoding parameters of the video encoder in an attempt to hit user specified targets for an average bit rate.
If the source video content is too complex to be encoded at the targeted bit rate, the MBR encoding engine starts to increase the quantization step size in order to achieve a better visual quality. The top or best quality video stream is encoded subject to a maximal peak bit rate constraint meeting the user specified MBR encoding parameters.
For the bottom or lowest quality video stream, the MBR engine controls the video encoder to produce an encoding of the video stream to meet the constant chunk rate constraint, which helps guarantee client side predictability for playing the streamed video. In intermediate video streams, the MBR engine causes the video encoder to encode the source video with encoding parameters to produce the video stream a variable bit rate falling within maximal peak and average bit rate constraints for the respective intermediate stream.
With this set of MBR video streams, the MBR system Figure 1 can deliver a desired constant or consistent visual quality for the video sequence according to the available connection bandwidth.
For each video stream ranging from the top to bottom of the MBR video streams, the MBR encoding engine dynamically decides the resolution for encoding each video GOP to produce a better visual quality. For each video stream, the MBR encoding engine assigns a higher resolution to a low complexity GOP or segment , while a more complex GOP or segment is assigned a lower resolution of encoding. This avoids introducing any undesirable visual effects that resizing video resolution in the middle of a video scene might produce.
For example, in a scene featuring a "talking head," varying the video resolution mid-scene could introduce a noticeable popping or pulsing as the detail edges and features in the scene sharpen or soften along with the resolution change. Each sampling point represents the result in terms of actual encoded bit rate or size from encoding the GOP using three different pairs of video resolution and quantization step sizes.
With these three sampling point results, the MBR engine establishes a model of the relation between resolution, quantization step size and coded size, which relation is illustrated graphically in Figure 4. From this dynamically extracted model for the video sequence, the MBR encoding engine can then decide a resolution for each targeted bit rate of the MBR video streams.
In alternative implementations, the MBR encoding engine can use more sampling points to establish the model. However, the three sampling point approach is found to be sufficient to establish the model while remaining most practical for purposes of encoding speed. The process begins with obtaining the three sample points of encoding results action The MBR encoding engine controls the video encoder to encode the segment or GOP with three parameter combinations for resolution and quantization step size.
The initial sample resolution may be chosen based on a desired display resolution for the video. The initial sample quantization step size can be chosen depending on the particular codec standard used by the video encoder. For example, in the case of the SMPTE M video codec, the initial sample quantization step size may be chosen to be 4.
In the case of that the video encoder uses the H. However, other initial sample quantization step sizes and resolutions can instead be selected. Alternatively, other parameter pairs for the sample points can be used, such as at half resolution, four times the quantization step size, etc.
The MBR video encoding engine observes the encoded bit sizes Si, S2, and S3 that result from encoding the GOP of the video stream with the three resolution and quantization step size parameter pairs.
The relation between quantization step size and encoded size is determined by the encoded sizes that result from the two sample points where the quantization step size is varied while the resolution is held constant, while conversely the relation between resolution and encoded size is determined from the two sample points which vary the resolution while quantization step size remains constant.
This is the modeled result quantization step size labeled Qp' at the full sampling resolution R that should yield the target bit rate for the GOP of the video stream.
If the modeled result quantization step size is smaller than the threshold, then the MBR engine decides to use the full sample resolution and modeled result quantization step size, i. Of these, the GOP global texture measurement determines the quantization step size threshold that controls when to resize video resolution. From experimental results over a broad range of video content including sports, television, movies, etc.
In other words, if the modeled result quantization step size Qp' is over 12, then the MBR encoder should resize to a lower video resolution in order to encode at a lower Qp.
However, in an example implementation, the MBR encoder can further vary the quantization step size threshold for resizing depending on the overall global texture measurement for the video.
The MBR encoder has established a linear relationship between global texture and the quantization step size threshold for resizing. For video having a low overall global texture, a lower quantization step size threshold is expected. This allows the MBR encoder to be more aggressive in resizing down the video resolution of video content having a lot of smooth regions for which resizing to a lower resolution would tend not to produce artifacts.
Whereas, for video with high global texture, the MBR encoder expects a higher quantization step size threshold for resizing.
Such higher threshold makes the MBR encoder more careful in resizing down video resolution of frames that have a lot of detail, so as to avoid smoothing of detailed regions of those frames. Once it is determined to resize the resolution action , the MBR engine calculates a particular resize amount according to the GraphRS relation. For example, the MBR engine may determine to resize by half the initial resolution. The MBR engine then determines how to distribute the resize amount in the vertical and horizontal directions based on the ratio of GOP horizontal and vertical texture measurement.
In particular, if there is a large discrepancy or delta between horizontal and vertical texture measurements i. For example, when the ratio is two, then the MBR engine would resize in the vertical direction twice as much as the horizontal direction.
Otherwise, if the delta between the horizontal and vertical texture measurements for the GOP is low the ratio is near unity , then the MBR engine resizes the resolution equally between the directions. Another prominent use of CBR is with satellite television broadcasts, in which many channels are multiplexed into one transport stream that has limited bandwidth. If you are having problems getting the bitrate you need, try using a lower value in the bitrate tag. In an ever expanding digital world it is important to make sure your business is staying ahead of the digital curb.
Our VBR encoding system will help your company stay in control of your media files and provide high-quality content for your customers. Find out more about our video encoding features by contacting us today.
Posts Website. Knowledge Base Find your answers here. What is a video bitrate? MediaInfo is a nice basic tool for quickly seeing all the parameters on a video file: Winhoros Bitrate Viewer is an excellent tool for scanning your files to get detailed bitrate information: For analyzing Blu-ray Discs, see BDInfo for Windows How to choose the correct bitrate for your workflow? Using CBR in special cases Occasionally, compression requirements mandate that you use CBR—especially in the case of live event video streaming.
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Learn how your comment data is processed. Error, group does not exist! Check your syntax! ID: 1. Did you get a speeding ticket in Oregon? Plea options Oregon courts give you four plea options: No-contest, court appearance No-contest, written submission Not-guilty plea, trial Not-guilty plea, written submission In some cases, appearance is mandatory. Fines Whichever way you plead, there will be bitter pills to swallow. Fine Max. You will waste time attending court no wonder most people plead no-contest.
With a tainted driving record you will not only injure your ego, but it will also be harder to secure a driving-related job and to rent a car.
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